自上而下的实例分割方法通过对偏低预测的套餐来改善地图，以匹配地面真相。此外，自上而下方法的查询键范式导致实例合并问题。过多的重复预测导致（过度）计数误差，类别和本地化分支的独立性导致命名误差。除非映射指标不会捕获这些错误，因为我们表明琐碎的抖动方案可以同时增加映射错误。为此，我们提出了两个基于图的指标，这些指标量化了对冲级别和阶级的对冲量。我们猜想对冲问题的来源是由于特征合并并提出a）对比度流场作为监督信号中的上下文差异，而b）语义分类和NMS步骤，以抑制重复和错误分类的预测。消融表明，我们的方法比基线更好地编码上下文信息，并且与最新的实例分割方法相比，我们的方法同时降低了合并和对冲错误。

Over the years, Machine Learning models have been successfully employed on neuroimaging data for accurately predicting brain age. Deviations from the healthy brain aging pattern are associated to the accelerated brain aging and brain abnormalities. Hence, efficient and accurate diagnosis techniques are required for eliciting accurate brain age estimations. Several contributions have been reported in the past for this purpose, resorting to different data-driven modeling methods. Recently, deep neural networks (also referred to as deep learning) have become prevalent in manifold neuroimaging studies, including brain age estimation. In this review, we offer a comprehensive analysis of the literature related to the adoption of deep learning for brain age estimation with neuroimaging data. We detail and analyze different deep learning architectures used for this application, pausing at research works published to date quantitatively exploring their application. We also examine different brain age estimation frameworks, comparatively exposing their advantages and weaknesses. Finally, the review concludes with an outlook towards future directions that should be followed by prospective studies. The ultimate goal of this paper is to establish a common and informed reference for newcomers and experienced researchers willing to approach brain age estimation by using deep learning models

结构磁共振成像研究表明，大脑解剖异常与早产儿的认知缺陷有关。脑成熟和几何特征可以与机器学习模型一起使用，以预测以后的神经发育缺陷。但是，传统的机器学习模型将遭受较大的功能比率（即大量功能，但少数实例/样本）。合奏学习是一种范式，从战略上生成和集成了机器学习分类器库，并已成功地用于各种预测性建模问题，以提高模型性能。属性（即功能）包装方法是最常用的特征分区方案，它随机和反复从整个功能集中绘制特征子集。尽管属性装袋方法可以有效地降低特征维度以处理大型功能与实用比率，但它缺乏对域知识和特征之间的潜在关系的考虑。在这项研究中，我们提出了一种新型的本体论引导属性分区（OAP）方法，以通过考虑特征之间的特定于域的关系来更好地绘制特征子集。有了更好的分区功能子集，我们开发了一个合奏学习框架，该框架称为OAP汇总学习（OAP-EL）。我们应用了OAP-EL，以使用定量脑成熟和在非常早产的年龄在期限年龄获得的定量脑成熟和几何特征来预测2岁年龄的认知缺陷。我们证明，提出的OAP-EL方法显着优于同行集合学习和传统的机器学习方法。